IL+Jee

=Research Paper = Topic: What was effect of containment to US foreign policy?

=SEMESTER 2 = __DAVE__ Dave supports Republican Party based on the outcomes of political actions. He believes that low taxes, low government expenditure results in healthy economy for all classes. His conservative Southern background and church has been influential to his political thinking. He identifies the Republican part with several issues; fiscal conservatism, low taxation, tempered free market, strict interpretationist judicial system, pro-life, border control, a strong national defense, state' rights, punitive criminal justice, and school choice. However, unlike what a stereotypical Republican, he is not eager for war. He believes there is room for change in the Republican party; he claims that the party would do much better if their attitudes were more open to entire platform of positions.
 * What conclusions can you draw about Republicans and Democrats?**
 * **Republican** || **Democrats** ||
 * * fiscal conservatism
 * low taxation
 * tempered free market
 * strict interpretationist judicial system
 * pro-life
 * border control
 * strong national defense
 * state's rights
 * punitive criminal justice
 * school choice
 * oppose redistribution of wealth, nationalized health care, unions || * realistic and inclusive worldview
 * modern threats (climate, financial, natural resource scarcity, terrorism) require foreign relations (multi-nation institutions and relationships)
 * equal opportunities to participate in society ||
 * Give a one paragraph summary for each.**

__PETER__ Peter on the other hand supports the Democratic party because he believes the party has realistic and inclusive worldview. He believes that the movements have brought people equal opportunities to participate in to society, and that more movements should be executed to fight for GLBT rights, universal healthy care or a living wage. He was drawn to Democrat because of the "environment and skepticism of the powers of the military'. For the most part, Peter thinks the party is in good shape overall, but he also pointed out that the party neeeds to careful. Being pompous and having scandals will hinder the democrats.

I was surprised when Dave said he was concerned about Obama's socilaist leanings, his 'war'fare on the ewalthy and the American busines community, because all though Obama's concern may seem liek it is for the 'people', Dave one of the U.S. citizens is rather worried about Obama's social programs.
 * Describe one thing about these interviews that surprised you.**

Dave does not fit in to the Republican party because he thinks access to guns should not be inhibited. He supports the solar economy rather than oil based economy. Lastly, he is not eager for war, as for most stereotypical Republicans would be. Peter does not suit as a democrat because he has been somewhat conservative about fiscal issues, and has particularly not been passionate about guns or abortions.
 * How does each interviewee fit and Not fit into the typical party member?**

Free Press, or first Amendment plays a great role in democracy, because the form of media is the first hand resource for public, which can greatly influence the crowd. Since people rule in democracy, how press impacts the people will determine how people want to rule. Free Press should provide information to the public on politics, economy, crimes, sports, entertainment, and more since all people on democracy have the right to know what is happening.
 * How important is a free press in a democracy?**

In reference to Watergate and Washington Post, we can induct that a press has a great power to influence the public. Washington Post, and their investigations eventually led to remove an authority figure, Nixon. An authority figure could be presented as respectable on a press, and also authority can be represented as unfavorable. Therefore, authority figures fear press. For an authority in a democratic society to succeed, good relationship between press and the government needs to exist.
 * What do you think the relationship is between the press and authority figures? Think about Watergate and the Washington Post, also the reading we did in class.**

Yes there should be restrictions on what newspapers can print. Every person, including the executives should have the right to be protected with individual rights. For instance, I personally believe Clinton’s sexual relationship should not have been publicized. At times, things are better off ‘not knowing’.
 * Should there be any restrictions on what newspapers can print?**

Newspapers should be reported with solid evidence of their sources. Unlike casual conversations, newspapers are significantly influential to the people, and a report without solid evidence or resources may mislead people to the wrong information. It is important that media spreads accurate, clear words because these newspapers are first resources people have in understanding the current situation. People have the right to know the truth and what is real, and where the information came from. Just like our research papers, citations and list of sources make our papers more valid and trustable.
 * Should newspapers be able to report without revealing their sources? Why or why not? Is this important?**

In order to keep authority figures honest, I rely on the figures above those authorities. For instance, if my coach was dishonest about future events, I would ask the athletic director for the real schedules. If an authority takes advantage of his or her power, eventually and naturally, an organization against authority forms. From the excerpt, we can deduce that Nixon highly valued relationships within federal system, national values and American beliefs. He was disapproval of Johnson and Kennedy's effort in legislating social progress. Nixon claimed that Johnson and Kennedy's strategy was rather costly, compared to it's advancement. Nixon is concerned with the role of federal government on society. He believes that government should take hands off the society, or decrease the social progress. . • explain what the doc adds to the understanding of the War - What is the attitude towards the US in this document? - do you see anything "wrong " in this document? Meaning do the goals seem just? - who or what country do you think has the right to resist these goals, if anyone? __//**Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- justifiable?**//__ the U.S. justifies escalation by claiming that Vietnamese have been deliberately and repeatedly attacking U.S. naval vessels. Their stated goal is to protect Southeast Asia, and to give freedom for the people who "has no territorial, military or political ambitions in that area, but desires only that these peoples should be left in peace to work out their own destinies in their own way." The document legalizes President Johnson to maintain internal peace and security in Southeast Asia, until President determines that the peace and security of the area is reasonably assured by international conditions created by action of the United Nations or when Congress calls an end to a war.
 * __//How can you keep authority figures honest? What do you do if an authority figure in your life is abusing this power?//__**
 * //__What values and view of government are expressed in this excerpt from Nixon's Memoirs?__//**
 * __//Program of The People's Revolutionary Party of Vietnam//__**
 * Who wrote the document?
 * Douglas Pike, from Cambridge, Massachusetts wrote this document.
 * Summarize main points
 * The program discusses about the new politics America is about to incorporate in to Vietnam. The American goal was to make the nation democratic.
 * What important information does the doc give you
 * The document lists the ten things Americans are had planned to do few years before the declaration of war. We can figure than Americans were trying to grasp the leadership.
 * Explain significance of the document: consider the effects it may have had

__//**Risk of Activists during Civil Rights Movement**//__ Many Activists's rights were violated during the Civil Rights movement. Though 1st amendment guarantees freedom of speech to all, activists were wounded, and arrested. In few of the pictures, you can see African American men were hosed down, dogs were used to wound activists, troops formed barricade preventing the activists from their movements. Despite their effort, relatives of activists denied to interact with activist families, because they dreaded what the consequences with White Americans.

__//**Martin Luther King Jr: The strategy of Nonviolent Direct Action**//__ //Who wrote the document?// Martin Luther King Jr //Summarize main points.// King based on Selma campaign (a march to Alabama state in Montgomery to publicize African American demands for equal access to the ballot) thought of his own strategies of protest. //What important information does the doc give you?// Martin Luther King based his strategies on a successful protest in Montgomery. He listed 4 steps that must occur to achieve the goals of the Negroes. And despite the harassment, intimidation and brutality, King believed that at times the conducted manner of the protesters ring in a manner that might be considered provocative and an invitation to violence. Explain significance of the document consider the effects it may have had Explain what the doc adds to the understanding of the CR. //__**Brown v. Board of Education**__// //Is it ever justifiable to treat people differently based on race, religion, gender, handicaps, etc? Think about all situations.// Although American history primarily regards individual rights based on different race, religion, gender and handicaps- there are times when treating people differently based on race, religion, gender and handicaps are justifiable. Treating someone differently necessarily does not mean being racist, or being against a different group.

1)Compare CIA intervention in Guatemala and Iran to Eisenhower's handling of the Suez Crisis? Did the US act justly and according to its values? What were the motivations in each case? Which one do you think was handled better and why?

I think Suez Canal was handled the best because Eisenhower took actions regarding the US values, free-trade. The US supported in resolution to withdraw the armistice, and open the canal for all. On the other hand, both covert interventions in Iran and Guatemala contradicts American values. Though the US supported democracy and free-elections, Eisenhower replaced Guzman (an elected president) for distributing land among rural poor people. In Iran, though US was an advocate of free trade and free elections, Eisenhower forcefully put Pro-American leader in power and aided Iran for the oil field that has just been nationalized.
 * || **What was it?** || **Did the US act justly and according to its values?** || **What was the motivations in each case?** ||
 * CIA intervention in Guatemala (1954) || Eisenhower authorizes an action by CIA to oust democratically elected president Guzman in Guatemala (with small army), for redistributing uncultivated sections land among rural poor people (suspected of adapting communism) || No, the US did not act justly and according to its values, because despite their support for democracy, the US did not allow any actions that US believed was communist. || The motivation was in containing communism. Eisenhower plans to oust Guzman for taking communist actions. ||
 * CIA intervention in Iran || After Mosaddeq (Iranian leader) nationalized oil field in Iran, Eisenhower suspended aid to Iran and authorized an action by CIA to organize military coup against Mosaddeq. Mosaddeq was arrested andn replaced with Pahlavi, Pro-American shah of Iran. || No, the US did not act justly and according to its values, becuase despite their support for free-trade and free-elections, Eisenhower forcefully kicked out leader of Iran, and replaced with Pro-American for oil sharing. || The motivation was in attaining oil resources, Iran has just nationalized. ||
 * Handling Suez Canal (1956) || Eisenhower issued the "Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)", which offered millitary aid to any Mid-Eastern nations seeking help in resisting Commust Aggressions, after the Suez Canal Crisis. || Yes, the US acted according to their values. Egypt was hindering free trade when Nasswer, Egyptian leader nationalized Suez Canal, which threatened the Western Oil trade. The US's support for cease-fire and withdrawal corresponded to the US's values free-trade and peace between interacting nations. || The motivation in this case was to save the threatened Western oil trade. ||

2) What was the significance of the Gary Powers incident on page 850? The significance of the Gary Powers incident was that it put an end to cold war. In May 1960, Soviet leader Khrushchev announced that USSR captured one of high altitude spy planes, American Gary Powers was steering. Khrushchev refused to proceed to summit, if Eisenhower apologized and promised that U-2 flights (US spy planes) would stop. However Eisenhower only promised that U-2 flights would stop. Khrushchev refused to meet Eisenhower again.

__**CHAPTER 27**__ Women during WW2 were responsible for occupations of men prior to the war; as the war mobilized, and took place- women got more roles in absence of men. Norman Rockwel's cover of **Post,** "Liberty Girl" during the time period represents women as versatile and hardworking. Just like uncle Sam, Liberty girl is wearing a clothing in a pattern of flag of United States, representing a typical woman during 1940s. She carries many different tools, and materials for various occupation she holds. Each different tool presents different occupations such as the rake(farming). Her hunched back shows how much responsibility women were in charge of; country out of men needed women to replace men.

=SEMESTER 1 = = = **__CHAPTER 22 What impact did demobilization after World War I have on women, factory workers, and farmers?__ Demobilization **forced women out of their jobs, when soldiers returned from WWI. Rate of unemployment rapidly incrase leaving many men jobless.American farmers had economic crises, after revival of the European farms. Demobilization caused recession in America after WWI.

People turned to strikes when demobilization brought unemployment rate up.
 * __What were some of the causes of the strikes of 1919?__

__How was Warren G. Harding able to win the election of 1920 by such a large majority?__ Harding recieved majority of votes because he promised tax revisions, higher tarriffs, limits on immigration and aid to farmers. And many middle class citizens, tired of labor strikes and higher taxes voted fo Harding, a Republican candidate.

__What types of discrimination did African Americans experience in northern cities?__ In the northern cities, African Americans experienced series of discrimitation, especially against the revived Ku Klux Klan. They were lynched, beat, kidnapped and terrorized by the KKK.

__Why did immigration of Mexicans to the United States increase during the 1920s?__ Many Mexicans immigrated to America to fill the low wage jobs in the Southwest. Mexican men or family came to earn living in United States, to send back to Mexico where their relatives were, or for new hosing and jobs.

Read the list of primary sources, pick two of which are the most compelling reasons for war. Defend your position in one paragraph wiki post.** My first choice was reason number 3, "Because we (U.S. would have faced economic collapse if the Allies could not pay back all the loans made to them by American bankers" because it shows attempt to save America, not for reputation nor to swagger the power Americans held. Reason number three does not base its reasoning on emotions towards other nations, nor difference in their ideologies, which makes it the most rational reason. On the other hand other excuses seem rather more of an "excuse" to enter World War I. Although U.S. was attacked despite its neutrality, entering WWI would have caused more deaths. Entering WWI "for the ultimate peace of the world and for liberation" is ironic, since entering war in general creates turmoil rather than pacification. Reasons 5 and 6 also contradicts America's neutrality because it is actually taking sides of the Allies. Which leave reason number 4 as my second most reasonable rationale in entering WWI. According to John Kenneth Turner from //Shall It Be Again?//, the war created 21,000 millionaires, and 69,000 men who eared three billion dollars over and above their normal incomes. The WWI pushed American economy forward which was a benefit for America. Rather than basing the purpose to join WWI on other nations and nationalism, it should be focused on progressing U.S.


 * **PRO Imperialism (U.S. POV)** || **CON Imperialism (U.S. POV)** ||
 * * gain natural resources
 * gain ports (trade)
 * develop and civilize other countries
 * better trade network
 * access to other parts of the world
 * more markets || * cost money to imperialism
 * drawn in to internal conflicts
 * diseases
 * risk of war conflicts with people with in and out ||



In the cartoon, uncle Sam is portrayed as a teacher scolding the four kids from, Cuba, Philippines, Porto Rico and Hawaii. Seats behind these four are white kids, who are represented educated, and mature. By the door is a native Indian reading a book upside down, and right out the door, a little Chinese boy is out waiting for permission to enter.
 * 1) W****h****at do you see in the cartoon, including objects and people, as well as caption and words in the cartoon?**

The subjects of the cartoon are Uncle Sam and the four kids. Uncle Sam representing U.S. is portrayed as a teacher, teaching the four children (who represent the four countries stated above) how to self govern. He quotes, "Now, children, you've go to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! But just take a look at class ahead of you and remember that, in a little while you will be glad to be here as they are!"
 * 2) What or who** **is the subject of the cartoon and how is the subject represented?**

Symbolism in this political cartoon is the portrayal of the kids. American students are represented as adolescents, while the students from Cuba, China, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Philippines are represented as small, barbaric, and filthy runts. These symbols represent the U.S. views of the other countries. The skin color represents the status of the people- ex) Even the Chinese are represented as dark-skinned to show the separation between U.S. and countries of America's interest.
 * 3) Which of the things in the cartoons are symbols? What do you think the symbols mean?**

Cartoonist shows an anti-imperialist opinion. Although the cartoon shows a imperialist beliefs, I think it is drawn for mockery. The Anti- imperialist opinion is expressed in many different aspects. On the chalkboard (right side of picture) it says, "The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves" which is contradicting to quote by Abraham Lincoln. Cartoonist drew the four students with sad facial expressions, representing how the four nations opposed expansion of U.S. into their territory.
 * 4) What is the opinion of the cartoonist toward the subject and how is it expressed?**

People who are for the imperialist would disagree with the cartoonist's opinion, because they believe people from Cuba, Philippines, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and China are all corrupt, barbaric, and uncivilized, they needed aid in order to govern their country. On the other hand, the Anti Imperialist League would agree with the cartoonist's opinion, because they opposed annexation.
 * 5) Who might agree/disagree with the cartoonist’s opinion?**

The overall message of the cartoon is wrongful of the annexation.
 * 6) What is the over all message of the cartoon?**



The cartoon portrays a ship heading towards “Hard Times”. The ship doesn’t float on water, but rather carried by workers. The ship is made up of linens, cloths, irons, lumbers, and papers. On the ship are Marshall Field, Jay Gould, and Cornelius Vanderbilt shipping on millions of dollars, satisfied with their stomach filled with money. On the ship are posters of incomes the poor laborers earned per week.
 * 1) What do you see in the cartoon, including objects and people, as well as caption and words in the cartoon?**

The subjects of the cartoon are big business men such as Marshal Field, Jay Gould and Cornelius Vanderbilt. They are represented as “full (with money)”, and satisfied where as the workers are represented filthy, and exhausted.
 * 2) What or who is the subject of the cartoon and how is the subject represented?**

Some of the symbols in the cartoon are the ship and the ocean. The ocean workers are sailing into is named “Hard Times” representing the adversities laborers were going through. And the ship carried by the workers represent the support and money the workers are providing for the rich businessmen.
 * 3) Which of the things in the cartoons are symbols? What do you think the symbols mean?**

Cartoonists embodied the businessmen as greedy, apathetic, and unethical. Compared to the low wage they offer the poor laborers, they have an income over one million- embodying their indifference. Cartoonist also felt the money shouldn’t have been entitled to the big 4, because they were sleeping on the ship (lacking effort) while the workers were sailing through hard times (working for the unethical four).
 * 4) What is the opinion of the cartoonist toward the subject and how is it expressed?**

Many low class workers would agree with the cartoonist’s opinion, since the “unskilled” and “powerless” had no choice to work for the big business men to survive. The working class is likely to agree the money the big business men earned were provided by them. On the other hand, the upper class would likely to disagree with the cartoonist’s opinion since they believe their business practices were “fair”.
 * 5) Who might agree/disagree with the cartoonist’s opinion?**

Overall the cartoon portrays a message on the significance of the lower class in the hierarchical society.
 * 6) What is the over all message of the cartoon?**

The political cartoon we saw in class portrayed an image of Uncle Sam (representing US citizens) holding his nose, as he watches an immigrant bring in bags full of diseases, poverty, desecration, and anarchy. The picture of unwelcoming Uncle Sam is ironic because, in the entrance of US (White house), it says "Admittance free", "Walk in", and "Welcome". Although America was seen as "land of opportunity" and a welcoming land for opportunity, in reality American citizens (Nativists) rejected the immigrants. = = = = =IMMIGRANTS=

__//**Their opportunities and hardships**//__

 * = ====**Opportunities**==== ||= ====**Hardships**==== ||
 * * Churches, Synagogues, and temples provided community centers that helped immigrants maintain sense of identity and belonging.
 * Many religious organization provided economic assistance, care for children, gymnasiums, reading rooms, sewing classes, social clubs, and training courses.
 * “Benevolent society” – support immigrants in case of sickness, unemployment, and death.
 * Organizations helping immigrants obtain education, health care, and jobs. Offering loans for new businesses, and insurances for families whose breadwinners were sick or had passed away. || * When Ellis Island was opened for immigrants to enter in 1892, immigrants went through a physical exam and a background check. Any immigrants with health issues or criminal records were deported or sent back.
 * Asian (Chinese) immigrants faced strict immigration laws; skilled individuals, US citizen parents. Those who did not meet standard were deported
 * Low paying, long hour, unskilled job (mines, sweatshops)
 * 15 hours a day to earn a living wage
 * Physically hard jobs
 * Poor housings, crowded neighborhoods ||